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One of the biggest myths in the software industry is that great engineering teams are built by hiring great engineers. They aren't. I've worked with incredibly talented developers who eventually became disengaged, indifferent, and unwilling to contribute beyond the bare minimum. I've also worked with average developers who grew into exceptional engineers because they were surrounded by a culture that rewarded curiosity, ownership, and continuous improvement. The difference was never talent. The difference was culture. The Toxicity Nobody Talks About When people hear the term toxic workplace , they usually imagine shouting managers, impossible deadlines, public humiliation, and constant pressure. Those environments certainly exist. But some of the most damaging engineering cultures are far more subtle. On the surface, everything appears professional. Meetings are calm. Nobody raises their voice. Everyone speaks politely. The company presents itself as collaborative and mature. Yet beneath that polished exterior exists a culture that quietly destroys accountability and discourages anyone from caring too much. A Simple Pull Request That Revealed a Bigger Problem Recently, while reviewing a pull request, I asked a few straightforward questions: Why are we passing an empty string to a component that doesn't function without an ID? Why is a skeleton component living in a file where it doesn't logically belong? Could this conditional statement be simplified for readability? These weren't major architectural concerns. They weren't requests to redesign the application. They were ordinary engineering discussions—the kind that happen every day inside healthy teams. When Ownership Disappears What happened next was far more interesting than the code itself. Instead of discussing whether the observations were valid, the conversation immediately shifted toward ownership. Who originally wrote the code? Who moved the code? Who was responsible for introducing it? The discussion was n

Previously, we learned how to send and receive data in Go. Now, we will combine those concepts and build a simple CRUD API. CRUD stands for: C reate R ead U pdate D elete These four operations form the foundation of most backend applications. In this tutorial, we will build a simple task API in Go using only the standar library. By the end, you will understand: how CRUD APIs work how to handle multiple HTTP methods how to store data in memory how to send and receive JSON data how backend APIs manage resources Prerequisites To follow along, you should have: Go installed basic familiarity with Go syntax understanding of the net/http package basic understanding of JSON handling You can confirm if Go is installed by running: go version Step 1 — Create the Project Create a new folder for the project: mkdir go-crud-api cd go-crud-api Now initialize a Go module: go mod init go-crud-api This creates a go.mod file for managing project dependencies. Step 2 — Create the Server File Create a file called main.go . Your project structure should now look like this: go-crud-api/ ├─ go.mod └─ main.go Step 3 — Write the CRUD API Open main.go and add the following code: package main import ( "encoding/json" "net/http" ) type Task struct { ID int `json:"id"` Title string `json:"title"` } var tasks [] Task func tasksHandler ( w http . ResponseWriter , r * http . Request ) { w . Header () . Set ( "Content-Type" , "application/json" ) switch r . Method { case http . MethodGet : json . NewEncoder ( w ) . Encode ( tasks ) case http . MethodPost : var task Task err := json . NewDecoder ( r . Body ) . Decode ( & task ) if err != nil { http . Error ( w , "Invalid JSON" , http . StatusBadRequest ) return } tasks = append ( tasks , task ) json . NewEncoder ( w ) . Encode ( task ) default : http . Error ( w , "Method not allowed" , http . StatusMethodNotAllowed ) } } func main () { http . HandleFunc ( "/tasks" , tasksHandler ) http . ListenAndServe ( ":8080" , nil ) } Now let's unpack what is hap

Originally published at Perl Weekly 775 Hi there! I try to keep track of the Perl-related events. You can find them listed at the bottom of each edition of the newsletter and on the events page on the Perl Weekly web site. There you can also find a link to embed the calendar in your calendar program. There are a number of events scheduled for this month. Most of them online, so if your time-zone permits, you can join those events. The big in-person event is at the end of the month The Perl and Raku Conference in Greenville, South Carolina, USA. In the last couple of weeks I have been using various AI tools extensively. It still needs some hand-holding, but it already writes code that seems to be way better than the average code I've seen. So I wonder, would it be possible to ask one of the AI tools to convert Python libraries to Perl? You know, we have been complaining for many years that companies provide implementation for their SDK/API/client in several language, but not in Perl. We also saw that CPAN could not keep up with the growth of PyPI, npm and the other 3rd party library registries. So maybe some of you would like to explore the idea of converting some of these libraries to Perl using AI. Finally a personal note, I am planning a trip to Korea and Japan in September-October. If you live there and would have any travel recommendations, I'd love to get that. Enjoy your week! -- Your editor: Gabor Szabo. Articles Introducing ZuzuScript Toby Inkster created a programming language which blends a fairly JavaScript-like syntax with fairly Perl-like semantics, and a few other features that he hasn't really seen in many programming languages. ANNOUNCE: Perl.Wiki V 1.47, JSTree copy V 1.21 Teaching AI About the British Monarchy with MCP The site already exposes information through a traditional web interface and a JSON API. But those interfaces were designed for humans and developers respectively. MCP gives AI systems a much cleaner integration point. ANNOUNCE: Perl

This article was originally published on aicoderscope.com In early 2023, Andrej Karpathy coined the term "vibe coding" to describe a new mode of software development: you describe what you want, the AI writes the code, and you ship without reading every line. He meant it as a genuine observation about where the craft was headed. By 2026, vibe coding is the default mode for most solo developers, with AI tools handling roughly 70% of keystroke work on a typical feature. The other 30%—direction, review, judgment—still belongs to the human. The pitch is real. Solo developers can now build features that would have taken a week in a day. The bottleneck isn't code volume anymore; it's knowing what to build. That's a genuine productivity unlock. The problem is also real. Codebases vibe-coded without guardrails develop a specific pathology: inconsistent patterns across files (because each AI session starts with no memory of the last), logic errors masked by plausible-looking code, and no rollback culture because no one committed before letting the AI loose. The developer who vibed their way through six weeks of feature work often can't explain what the codebase does anymore, because they never had to think through it. This guide is not about slowing down. It's about the ten rules that let you keep the speed without the debt. The Promise vs. the Reality What vibe coding looks like in 2026: you open Cursor, describe the feature in natural language, and Agent mode writes the file. You review the diff, accept what looks right, reject what looks wrong, and move on. For standard CRUD features, state management, boilerplate API clients, and UI components, this works well. The AI has seen enough patterns that its output is often correct on the first try. Why it works especially well for solo devs: there's no code review bottleneck. A team has to slow down to onboard the AI's changes into shared mental models. A solo developer owns the whole context and can iterate without waiting fo

This article was originally published on aicoderscope.com On paper, Windsurf and Cursor are the same product. Both are standalone IDEs forked from VS Code. Both charge $20/month for their entry paid tier. Both ship a tab-completion model and a multi-file agent. Both wire in the same frontier models — GPT-5, Claude Opus, Gemini. Reviews that score them feature-by-feature end up in 47-43 ties because the feature lists genuinely match. That kind of comparison misses the point. The two editors feel different to use, and the difference matters more than the feature checklist. This piece tests both side-by-side across two weeks of normal client work — Python, TypeScript, Go — and lands on a clear verdict at the end about which one fits which kind of developer. Pricing and feature claims here were verified against Windsurf's pricing page and Cursor's pricing page on May 5, 2026. Both vendors change pricing more than most editors — re-verify before subscribing. Pricing: nearly identical The pricing tables converged in 2025 and have stayed mirrored since: Tier Cursor Windsurf Free Hobby (limited Agent + Tab) Free Entry paid Pro $20/mo Pro $20/mo Heavy individual Pro+ $60/mo (3× usage) / Ultra $200/mo (20× usage) Max $200/mo (heavy users, unlimited extra at API pricing) Team Teams $40/user/mo Teams $40/user/mo Enterprise Custom Custom Cursor offers a middle tier (Pro+ at $60) that Windsurf doesn't match exactly. Windsurf has a "Light" plan with unlimited usage on cheaper models that Cursor doesn't have. These are minor — for the typical individual developer choice, both are $20/month for Pro and $200/month for the power-user tier . The entry decision is therefore not a price decision. It's a workflow-fit decision. Both ship a standalone editor A common misconception: "Windsurf is a VS Code extension, Cursor is its own editor." Both are standalone applications. Both fork VS Code. Both can install most VS Code extensions from the Open VSX Registry (with occasional compatibility

This article was originally published on aicoderscope.com On April 28, 2026, Warp open-sourced its terminal client under AGPL-3.0, picked up 60,000 GitHub stars, and declared itself an "agentic development environment." OpenAI signed on as founding sponsor. The announcement looked like a triumph of developer-first idealism. Read the fine print and a different picture emerges: the terminal is free; the product that matters — Oz, Warp's cloud agent orchestration platform — remains fully proprietary. Warp is not becoming an open-source project. It is becoming an enterprise SaaS company with an open-source frontend. None of that is inherently bad. But it is what this review is actually about: does the $20/month Build plan deliver enough AI value to justify adding Warp to a stack that probably already includes Cursor or Claude Code? What Warp is in May 2026 Warp's product now has three layers: Warp Terminal — the terminal client, open-source AGPL-3.0. Rust-based, GPU-accelerated, available on Mac, Linux, and Windows. The core terminal features (blocks, Warp Drive, session sharing, settings file) are free and remain free. Warp Agent — an AI coding agent embedded in the terminal. Runs locally for interactive work. Handles natural language command generation, code review, debugging assistance, codebase Q&A, and voice input. Consumes credits from your plan. Oz — Warp's proprietary cloud orchestration platform. Runs agents in the background, coordinates multi-agent workflows, triggers on events from Slack, Linear, or GitHub Actions, and orchestrates third-party CLI agents including Claude Code and Codex. Oz is where the enterprise pitch lives. Around 1 million developers use Warp as their primary terminal. The pivot to agentic tooling is a bet that those developers will pay to automate their workflows beyond what a local agent session can handle. Pricing breakdown Warp simplified its pricing in December 2025, replacing the old Pro/Turbo/Lightspeed tiers with two paid plans. P

Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries in Python In the previous lesson, we learned about Lists and how they are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Today, we will learn about three important Python data structures: Tuples Sets Dictionaries These data structures help programmers organize and manage data efficiently in different situations. 1. Tuples in Python A Tuple is a collection of items stored in a single variable. Tuples are: Ordered Unchangeable (Immutable) Allow duplicate values Tuples are created using parentheses "()". Example languages = ( " Python " , " Java " , " C++ " ) print ( languages ) Output ( ' Python ' , ' Java ' , ' C++ ' ) Accessing Tuple Items Tuple items are accessed using indexes. Example languages = ( " Python " , " Java " , " C++ " ) print ( languages [ 0 ]) print ( languages [ 1 ]) Output Python Java Negative Indexing in Tuples Example languages = ( " Python " , " Java " , " C++ " ) print ( languages [ - 1 ]) Output C ++ Tuple Length The "len()" function returns the number of items in a tuple. Example numbers = ( 10 , 20 , 30 ) print ( len ( numbers )) Output 3 Why Tuples are Important Tuples are useful when data should not be modified accidentally. They are commonly used for: Fixed data Coordinates Database records Returning multiple values from functions 2. Sets in Python A Set is a collection of unique items. Sets are: Unordered Unchangeable items Do not allow duplicates Sets are created using curly brackets "{}". Example numbers = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } print ( numbers ) Output {1, 2, 3, 4} Duplicate Values in Sets Sets automatically remove duplicate values. Example numbers = { 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 } print ( numbers ) Output {1, 2, 3, 4} Adding Items to a Set The "add()" method inserts a new item into a set. Example numbers = { 1 , 2 , 3 } numbers . add ( 4 ) print ( numbers ) Output {1, 2, 3, 4} Removing Items from a Set The "remove()" method removes an item from a set. Example numbers = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } numbers . remove ( 2 ) print

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Microsoft's Surface Laptop Ultra is basically a MacBook Pro clone (that's powered by NVIDIA's RTX Spark).

NVIDIA claims the new RTX Spark chip for PCs will offer 1 petaflop of AI computing power.

Once upon a time, Microsoft had to write off $900 million betting an Arm-based Nvidia chip could power its first flagship Windows portable, the original Microsoft Surface. But today, it's trying again. Microsoft and Nvidia have just announced the Surface Laptop Ultra, a computer with a new Arm-based Nvidia chip at its core. There's a […]

This fall, Nvidia will officially become a consumer PC chipmaker like Intel, AMD, Apple, and Qualcomm, putting a complete computing chip - not just graphics - into the very heart of laptops and mini-PCs. After many months of leaks, it's finally announcing the RTX Spark, the first in a family of chips that will meet […]

The row looked perfect. rating: 7 . Valid JSON, right type, no nulls, no missing keys. My schema check waved it through. The page had returned HTTP 200. The selectors hadn't moved. Everything green. A rating of 7 on a 5-star site is impossible. The model invented it, formatted it correctly, and handed it to me with total confidence. That's the failure I want to talk about. Not the scraper that breaks loudly. The one that hands you a clean-looking row that is quietly, plausibly false — and sails past every check you have, because your checks are all looking at the shape of the data, and the lie is in the value . TL;DR HTTP 200, intact selectors, and valid JSON tell you the form is fine. They say nothing about whether the value is true. When an LLM extracts from messy free-text, structured-output mode guarantees you get valid JSON. It does not guarantee the content is real. The model fills uncertain fields rather than leaving them empty — because the schema demands a complete row. A ~60-line value-level sanity gate (ranges, dates, cross-field, reference, language) catches the obvious lies before they hit your database. Real code and real output below. The honest catch: this gate catches rule violations , not plausible lies inside the allowed range . A rating: 4 where the truth is 2 slides right through. I'll be specific about where the gate stops. Two different ways a scraper lies to you I wrote about source drift last week — the case where the page changes underneath you and a 30-line schema check catches the structure shifting. That's an input problem. The source mutated; your agreement with the page broke; you detect it by watching the shape. This is the other end of the pipe. The source is fine. The page is intact, the selectors are correct, the structure is exactly what you expected. The thing that lied to you is the model , on the extraction step, when you asked it to pull structured fields out of a paragraph of human prose. Those two failures feel similar and t

I spent way too long staring at this error. If you're here, you probably are too. Your requirements could not be resolved to an installable set of packages. Problem 1 - Root composer.json requires php ^8.3 but your php version (8.2.30) does not satisfy that requirement. My Laravel 13 app needed PHP 8.3. My Hostinger server was running 8.2. composer install refused to budge. Here's exactly what happened and the one-liner that fixed it. The Setup I was deploying a Laravel 13 + Inertia + React app to Hostinger shared hosting. Laravel 13 requires PHP 8.3 minimum — and so do its locked Symfony 8.x and PHPUnit 12.x dependencies. My composer.lock had been generated on a local machine with PHP 8.3, but Hostinger's CLI was defaulting to 8.2. The hPanel showed PHP 8.3 selected under PHP Configuration . The website itself was running fine on 8.3. But SSH? Still on 8.2. $ php -v PHP 8.2.30 ( cli ) That disconnect — hPanel vs. CLI — is the trap. What I Tried First composer update My first instinct was to just let Composer resolve newer compatible versions: composer update No luck. The root composer.json itself declared "php": "^8.3" , so Composer refused before even touching the lock file. The PHP constraint wasn't just in dependencies — it was in my own project requirements. composer install --ignore-platform-reqs This flag skips platform checks and forces the install anyway. It works , but it's a lie — you end up with packages that may behave incorrectly or fail at runtime because they genuinely require PHP 8.3 features. Not a real fix. Changing PHP in hPanel Hostinger's control panel has a PHP version switcher under Hosting → Manage → PHP Configuration . I had already set this to 8.3. This controls the web server / FPM version — what runs your .php files in the browser. It does not change what php points to in your SSH terminal. That's the key distinction most tutorials miss. What Actually Fixed It Hostinger installs multiple PHP versions in parallel. They live in /opt/alt/ph

Based on real system architecture decisions. About a $660K AI platform, three AI agents that kept the dashboard green, and a P0 incident that cost $3.15M over one weekend. Act 1 · The All-Hands Meeting Wang Lei, VP of Product, stood in front of the big screen, a smile on his face. Behind him, a dashboard rolled data from the "Axon AI Client Engineering Platform — Q1 Performance Report." Numbers cascaded across the wall: Metric Axon Platform Human Team (Last Q1) Improvement Avg daily tickets processed 847 312 +171% Avg first response time 12s 4h 17m ↓ 99.92% Customer satisfaction 4.8/5 4.1/5 +17% Monthly operating cost $52K $133K −61% Twelve department heads sat in the room. Dead silence. Wang Lei planted both hands on the table and scanned the room. His eyes landed on me. "Alex. Your team processed 312 tickets last Q1. Axon processed more than that in a single day last month." He smiled. Not a friendly smile. A sentencing smile. "And Axon costs less than a third of your team's operating expense." "We invested $660K in the whole platform. At current operating costs, it pays for itself in eighteen months." "After management review — the Client Engineering technical liaison function is being fully transitioned to the Axon platform." He clicked to the next slide. "Employees in replaced roles will complete exit interviews within the week." Someone inhaled sharply. I didn't. I opened my notebook to page 37. "Wang, what dimensions are these numbers from?" "What do you mean, 'what dimensions'?" His smile tightened. "Of those 847 daily tickets — how many are auto-tagging and routing, and how many are actual technical resolutions?" The room went quiet for about five seconds. Wang Lei looked at me. "Axon's ticket closure rate is ninety-three percent." "What's the reopen rate?" He paused. "What?" "After Axon replies — how many customers reopen the same ticket within twenty-four hours?" "We're still collecting that —" "Let me save you the trouble." I turned my notebook toward th

[Paper Notes] JEPA: Self-Supervised Learning from Images with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture 🔗 TL;DR: JEPA learns a a generalized semantic representation with less data pairs by predicting missing information in the embedding space , which helps it disregard unnecessary noisy from input(pixel)-level details and learns at a higher abstraction level with good semantic generalization. 1. Innovation & Significance The Bottleneck: Image-text data pair labels are hard to find Pixel level pre-training paired & data augmentation are strongly biased towards trained data distribution, hard to determine proper generalization and level of abstraction. JEA's (Joint Embedding Architecture) collapse probelm: encoder & decoder attempts to cheat by always landing on trivial constant when predicting itself (reconstruction) and gets away with an easy Error=0. The Solution: > Chain-of-thought ⭕ Mask pre-training to reduce data & generalize↓❌ Bad/lower semantic representation without semantic target, could be learning noisy local pixel correlation↓⭕ Learn at the embedding level to omit pixel input and generalize⭕ Adds context encoder & positional encoding to inject context and force model to pick up image inherent structure from reconstructing multiple masked patches with one target.↓❌ JEAs wants to cheat: if I always map all pixels to a constant for both the predictor and end target encoder then the reconstruction error is always collapsed to zero! Hehe~ ↓ ⭕ EMA (Exponential moving avg.): Update target encoder parameters from the EMA of context encoders. This 'delays' the target encoder to prevent collapsing (a trick from the BYOL paper[2020], proven essential to training JEAs with ViT). 2. Model & High-Level Intuitions 2.1 Model Architecture Input: randomly samples block masks from original image within certain aspect ratio changes, and apply mask for context image 2.1.2 Context Context Encoder: ViT encodes context image to embedding SxS_x S x ​ Mask Token : an [1,D] random

Last year I needed to ask for a raise. I knew my number, I'd read the guides, I had bullet points in my notes app. Then my manager said "let's chat about your goals for next quarter" and I said "sounds great, looking forward to it" and hung up. Never brought up money. Same thing kept happening elsewhere. Coworker taking credit for my work, I said nothing. Relationship that should've ended months earlier, I kept postponing. I always knew what to say. I just couldn't say it with someone actually looking at me. So I started building a thing to practice on. That thing became cosskill . What it actually is You pick a persona, tell it the situation in a sentence, and start talking. The persona doesn't help you. It holds position and pushes back. You practice not folding. Think of it as a flight simulator for hard conversations. You rehearse until your opener comes out steady, then go do the real thing. 20 personas across five categories: Operators (Musk, Jobs): first-principles thinking, harsh product feedback Strategists (Trump, Buffett): treat everything as a deal or a bet Relationship (Ex, Coworker): breakups, workplace friction, family money Philosophy (Socrates, Aurelius, Confucius, Sun Tzu, four more): each tradition frames problems differently Psychology (Rogers, Rosenberg, Ellis, Frankl, Kahneman, Jung): therapeutic frameworks on real situations These aren't celebrity impressions. The Buffett persona won't hype your startup idea. It'll ask "what's the downside?" and keep asking until you have something concrete. Tech stack Next.js 16 on Cloudflare Workers. DeepSeek for inference. Cloudflare D1 (SQLite at edge) for the bits that need to persist. No user accounts, chat history lives in localStorage. Monthly cost stays low enough that the free tier (10 messages/day) doesn't worry me. Why I made these choices DeepSeek instead of GPT-4/Claude. Each conversation is 10-30 messages. At GPT-4 pricing a free product bleeds money. DeepSeek gives maybe 90% of the quality for

Frontend request code often involves repetitive state management. This article compares Axios and alova through a paginated list example, analyzing how request strategization reduces boilerplate and when it's a good fit. The Pattern: Paginated List in Two Ways A common requirement: fetch a user list with pagination. Approach 1: Axios const [ data , setData ] = useState ([]); const [ page , setPage ] = useState ( 1 ); const [ total , setTotal ] = useState ( 0 ); const [ loading , setLoading ] = useState ( false ); const [ error , setError ] = useState ( null ); const fetchUsers = async ( currentPage ) => { setLoading ( true ); setError ( null ); try { const res = await axios . get ( ' /api/users ' , { params : { page : currentPage , pageSize : 10 }, }); setData ( res . data . list ); setTotal ( res . data . total ); } catch ( e ) { setError ( e . message ); } finally { setLoading ( false ); } }; useEffect (() => { fetchUsers ( page ); }, [ page ]); This pattern appears in nearly every data-fetching component. The actual business logic — GET /api/users — occupies a single line. The rest is infrastructure: state declarations, loading toggles, error handling, and effect management. Approach 2: alova with usePagination const { data , total , loading , error , page , pageSize , nextPage , prevPage , } = usePagination ( ( page , pageSize ) => alovaInstance . Get ( ' /api/users ' , { params : { page , pageSize }, }), { page : 1 , pageSize : 10 } ); Both implementations are functionally identical. The key difference is where the state management logic lives: in the component (Axios) vs. inside the hook (alova). What Changed Component of Axios version Handled by alova loading state + toggling Managed internally by usePagination error state + try/catch Managed internally by usePagination data state + assignment Returned as reactive value page state + change handler Built-in nextPage / prevPage total state extraction Extracted from response automatically useEffect dependency tr

This isn't a tutorial. It's real experience. Most articles about making money with Python are vague: "Learn Python to make money" (then what?) "Do data analysis freelancing" (how to get clients?) "Write web scrapers" (legal gray area) I'll share my actual path: building an Excel template generator with Python, listing it for sale, and earning my first dollar. Why This Direction My background: Know Python, but not expert Made some automation scripts No product design experience Want products (scalable) not services (time-for-money) The opportunity: Huge Excel template market (many 10k+ sales on Gumroad) Templates are static, hard to customize I can make a "template generator" for customization Technical feasibility: Python's openpyxl generates Excel programmatically JSON config is user-friendly ~300 lines of code The Product Not an Excel file. A Python script that generates Excel files . Users get: generator.py - generator code config.json - configuration README.md - documentation Workflow: Edit config.json → Run python generator.py → Get customized Excel Technical Implementation Core code is simple: from openpyxl import Workbook from openpyxl.styles import Font , PatternFill wb = Workbook () ws = wb . active # Header style header_fill = PatternFill ( start_color = ' 6366F1 ' , fill_type = ' solid ' ) header_font = Font ( bold = True , color = ' FFFFFF ' ) # Write header ws [ ' A1 ' ] = ' Project Name ' ws [ ' A1 ' ]. fill = header_fill ws [ ' A1 ' ]. font = header_font # Add dropdown from openpyxl.worksheet.datavalidation import DataValidation dv = DataValidation ( type = ' list ' , formula1 = '" In Progress,Completed,Paused "' ) ws . add_data_validation ( dv ) dv . add ( ' B2:B100 ' ) wb . save ( ' output.xlsx ' ) Loop to create sheets, set styles, add validation. Productization Process Step 1: MVP One module only (knowledge base) Test generation Use myself for a week Step 2: Expand Add 6 modules Add JavaScript version (using exceljs ) Improve docs Step 3: Package