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One of the first cloud concepts many people encounter while learning AWS is EC2 . The name sounds technical. The documentation is extensive. And the number of configuration options can make it feel like something fundamentally different from a regular computer. But while trying to understand cloud computing, I found myself repeatedly coming back to a simple thought: At the end of the day, an EC2 instance is just another computer. That realization helped me understand cloud infrastructure much more clearly. The Intimidation Factor When people first open the AWS console, they encounter terms such as: EC2 VPC Security Groups Elastic IPs Auto Scaling It is easy to feel that cloud computing is an entirely different world. But before diving into those concepts, it helps to ask a simpler question: What is an EC2 instance actually providing? Starting with the Name EC2 stands for: Elastic Compute Cloud The important word here is: Compute AWS is essentially renting computing resources. When you launch an EC2 instance, AWS allocates: CPU Memory (RAM) Storage Networking to a virtual machine that you can access. In other words: You are renting a computer that lives inside AWS's infrastructure. Comparing It to a Personal Computer Consider a typical laptop. It contains: A processor RAM Storage An operating system Network connectivity Now consider an EC2 instance. It also contains: Virtual CPUs RAM Storage An operating system Network connectivity The location is different. The concepts are the same. The Main Difference: Ownership The biggest difference is not technical. It is operational. With a personal computer: You own the hardware. The machine sits near you. You maintain it. With EC2: AWS owns the hardware. The machine runs in a data center. AWS manages the physical infrastructure. You only manage the virtual machine running on top of it. Why Linux Knowledge Transfers This was one of the most interesting observations during my learning. If an EC2 instance runs Linux, many of th

A few weeks after switching from Windows to Linux, I noticed something interesting. The hardware had not changed. The processor was the same. The RAM was the same. The SSD was the same. And yet, the laptop felt noticeably faster. Not necessarily because applications were completing tasks dramatically quicker, but because the entire system felt more responsive. Keyboard input felt immediate. Windows opened faster. Terminal commands appeared instantly. The desktop experience felt smoother. This raised a question: How can the same hardware feel different simply because the operating system changed? While I'm still learning, this is the mental model I've built so far. The Hardware Didn't Change Consider a laptop with: AMD Ryzen processor 16 GB DDR5 RAM NVMe SSD Modern integrated graphics When switching operating systems, none of these components change. The CPU does not suddenly become faster. The RAM does not magically increase. The SSD remains identical. From a hardware perspective: ```text id="u3m9xd" Before → Same Hardware After → Same Hardware So the difference must come from somewhere else. --- ## An Operating System Is Not Just a User Interface Many people think of an operating system primarily as the desktop they see. But an operating system does far more than display windows and icons. It manages: * Memory * CPU scheduling * Processes * Storage * Networking * Device drivers * Background services In other words: > The operating system decides how hardware resources are used. Two operating systems can therefore create very different experiences using the same hardware. --- ## Perceived Performance vs Raw Performance One thing I have learned is that performance is not always about benchmarks. A system can have excellent benchmark scores and still feel sluggish. Why? Because users experience responsiveness, not benchmark numbers. Examples include: * How quickly a window opens * How fast a menu appears * How responsive typing feels * How quickly applications launch

Interactive diagrams with AI, and your code always in sync Discussion | Link

A lot of supply-chain attacks have taken place in the last year. Altough I don't think NeoVim itself has been mentioned so far, I was concerned about my setup, especially the one on my office laptop. I think this is a good opportunity to learn how to write plugins ourselves, but I also know that writing everything on my own is not ideal. At this rate, might as well write my own kernel and operating system because sudo pacman -Syu also carries supply-chain risks. What are the ways which you are dealing with this? submitted by /u/Full-Ad4541 [link] [留言]

A vision for the future of AI, focusing on access, safety, and shared prosperity as OpenAI works to ensure AGI benefits everyone.

🌐 Read this post in Bahasa Indonesia here . 📝 A note on this article This post is based on my personal study notes on version control and Git collaboration. To make these notes more readable and useful — for myself and for others — I worked with AI to help expand and structure them into a proper blog format. The ideas, learning journey, and understanding are mine; the AI helped with the writing and presentation. Learning Git doesn't have to be intimidating. In this article, I'll break down the essential concepts of version control and collaboration — using simple analogies that anyone can understand. What Is Git? Git is a version control system . Think of it as a save system for your code — like save points in a video game. Every time you save (commit), Git remembers the state of your project at that moment. If something goes wrong, you can always go back. Repository: Your Project's Warehouse A repository (or "repo") is the folder that Git watches. There are two types: Local repository : lives on your computer. Your personal workspace. Remote repository : lives on a server (GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket). The "official" shared copy your team can access. They stay connected through a Remote URL, so you can push your local changes up and pull others' changes down. git init # Start tracking a folder git remote add origin <url> # Connect to a remote repo git push origin main # Send commits to remote git pull origin main # Get latest from remote Commit: Your Project's Save Point A commit is a snapshot of your project at a specific moment. Each commit has: A message describing what changed A unique ID (hash) A timestamp git add . # Stage all changes git commit -m "Add homepage layout" # Save a snapshot git log --oneline # View commit history Write meaningful commit messages. Future you will thank present you. Checkout, Reset, Revert: Traveling Through Time These three commands all interact with your commit history — but in very different ways: git checkout — Visit the Past (T

🌐 Baca artikel ini dalam Bahasa Inggris di sini . 📝 Catatan tentang artikel ini Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan catatan belajar pribadi saya tentang version control dan Git kolaborasi. Untuk membuat catatan tersebut lebih mudah dibaca dan bermanfaat — bagi saya dan orang lain — saya menggunakan bantuan AI untuk mengembangkan dan menyusunnya menjadi artikel blog. Ide, perjalanan belajar, dan pemahamannya adalah milik saya; AI membantu di bagian penulisan dan penyajiannya. Belajar Git itu tidak harus membingungkan. Di artikel ini, saya akan menjelaskan konsep-konsep penting dalam version control dan kolaborasi menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana — bahkan dengan analogi yang bisa dipahami anak kecil sekalipun. Apa Itu Git? Git adalah version control system — sistem yang merekam setiap perubahan yang kamu lakukan pada file-file proyekmu. Bayangkan Git seperti fitur save point di video game. Setiap kali kamu menyimpan (commit), Git mengambil "foto" dari kondisi proyekmu saat itu. Kalau ada yang salah, kamu bisa kembali ke foto sebelumnya. Repository: Gudang Proyekmu Repository (atau "repo") adalah folder yang diawasi oleh Git. Ada dua jenisnya: Local repository : ada di komputermu sendiri. Ruang kerja pribadimu. Remote repository : ada di server (GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket). Salinan "resmi" yang bisa diakses seluruh tim. Keduanya terhubung lewat Remote URL, sehingga kamu bisa mengirim perubahan ke remote ( push ) atau mengambil perubahan terbaru dari sana ( pull ). git init # Mulai memantau sebuah folder git remote add origin <url> # Hubungkan ke remote repo git push origin main # Kirim commit ke remote git pull origin main # Ambil update terbaru dari remote Analogi: Local repo adalah buku sketsamu di rumah. Remote repo adalah papan pengumuman kelas — semua orang bisa melihat dan mengaksesnya. Commit: Save Point Proyekmu Commit adalah snapshot dari kondisi proyekmu pada satu titik waktu. Setiap commit berisi: Pesan yang menjelaskan apa yang berubah ID unik (hash) Timestamp g

Fundraising, GTM, and bounties for startups Discussion | Link

1.4 billion iPhones. That's how many devices Apple will push Siri 2.0 to this fall—built on a custom 1.2-trillion-parameter Gemini model and an Extensions system that lets users route Siri's AI brain to Claude, ChatGPT, or Google's own Gemini directly. Tim Cook announced all of it at WWDC 2026 on June 8, his final WWDC keynote before handing the CEO role to hardware chief John Ternus in September. The story isn't just a better Siri. Apple is opening iOS as an AI distribution channel—the largest in history—and the developer implications are immediate. The Gemini Deal Apple licensed a custom 1.2-trillion-parameter Gemini model from Google at a reported $1 billion per year. That's eight times the parameter count of Apple's current 150-billion-parameter on-device foundation model. Bloomberg first reported the deal in March 2026; WWDC confirmed it on stage. The private vs. cloud distinction matters here. Apple isn't routing your queries to Google's servers. The custom Gemini model runs on Apple's Private Cloud Compute (PCC) infrastructure—Apple-owned silicon, Apple-controlled software, with cryptographic attestation that prevents even Apple engineers from reading query contents. This is the same architecture Apple built for existing cloud AI features, now scaled up for a model eight times larger. What that means in practice: Siri can answer complex multi-step questions, reason over your personal context (calendar, messages, mail), and execute cross-app actions. None of it touches Google's data centers. The New Siri App Siri in iOS 27 ships as a standalone app. iMessage-style interface, persistent conversation threads, full chat history synced via iCloud. Two modes: quick invocation through the Dynamic Island (a glowing "Search or Ask" prompt) for fast queries, and the full chat app for extended conversations. Chat-mode Siri is a first-party ChatGPT competitor. Persistent threads, file attachments, on-screen awareness. Ask "what does this error mean?" while looking at an

The signal hidden in this week's GitHub trending Two agent-shaped repositories cracked the daily GitHub trending board this week. The first is mvanhorn/last30days-skill , a Claude-style skill that researches a topic across Reddit, X, YouTube, Hacker News, and Polymarket, then synthesizes a grounded summary. The second is NousResearch/hermes-agent , billed as "the agent that grows with you" — a persistent agent runtime that compounds context across sessions. Both ranked the same week. Both are skill-shaped: a manifest, a trigger, a set of instructions, and a runtime expectation. This is the first time I have seen two skill repos chart simultaneously on GitHub trending. Most observers will treat them as cool side projects, fork them, star them, and move on. They are cool side projects. They are also a phase transition that the agent ecosystem has been edging toward for nine months. By Q4 you are going to wish you had read this signal in early June, because the dependency-graph problem about to land in production agents is the same one the npm ecosystem ran into between 2011 and 2018 — except faster, less tooled, and with a much larger blast radius. This post is about that phase transition. The benchmark coverage of skills is everywhere; what you cannot easily find is a working operational model for managing them at fleet scale. I am going to give you one. What actually shipped this week Let me anchor on the facts before I extrapolate. last30days-skill (mvanhorn) is a single skill bundle. Its SKILL.md tells the host agent: when the user asks for recent news, controversy, or sentiment on a topic, run a structured multi-source fetch — eight queries minimum, across five platforms, with a freshness window of 30 days — then synthesize. The skill ships with prompt scaffolding, query templates, and a synthesis rubric. It is roughly 600 lines including instructions and helper scripts. Installation is a git clone into your skill directory, no package manager, no version negotia

If you’ve ever spent hours debugging slow EC2 workloads or getting sticker shock from unexpected EBS IOPS charges, you’ve probably wondered if there’s a better storage option for temporary, high-performance data. AWS EC2 Instance Storage (also called Instance Store) is one of the most underutilized but powerful tools in the EC2 ecosystem—if you know how to use it correctly. This guide breaks down everything you need to know: core concepts, performance optimizations, use cases, limitations, and how it stacks up against EBS. By the end, you’ll be able to cut storage costs, boost workload performance, and avoid costly data loss mistakes. Table of Contents What Exactly Is AWS EC2 Instance Storage? Core Concepts of EC2 Instance Store Key Features That Make Instance Store Stand Out Which EC2 Instance Types Support Instance Store? Deep Dive: NVMe SSD Instance Store Volumes SSD Instance Store Performance Best Practices EC2 Instance Store vs EBS: Head-to-Head Comparison Top Real-World Use Cases for EC2 Instance Store Critical Limitations to Avoid Costly Mistakes Production-Grade Best Practices for Instance Store Root Volume Options: EBS-Backed vs Instance Store-Backed Instances EC2 Instance Store Pricing: No Hidden Costs Conclusion References What Exactly Is AWS EC2 Instance Storage? EC2 Instance Store is temporary block-level storage that is physically attached to the host server running your EC2 instance. Unlike standalone storage services like EBS, EFS, or S3, it is part of the EC2 service itself, with no network overhead between your instance and the storage disks. Its defining trait is its ephemeral nature: data stored on Instance Store only persists for the lifetime of the associated instance. If you stop, hibernate, or terminate your instance, all data on Instance Store volumes is permanently deleted. Core Concepts of EC2 Instance Store Before you start using Instance Store, make sure you understand these foundational rules: Device naming : Instance Store volumes are

PostgreSQL Error 2200D: invalid escape octet The 2200D: invalid escape octet error occurs in PostgreSQL when a bytea value contains an invalid escape sequence. This typically happens with the legacy escape format for binary data, where octet values must be represented as three-digit octal numbers in the range \000 to \377 . If the escape sequence falls outside this range or uses non-octal digits, PostgreSQL raises this error immediately. Top 3 Causes 1. Out-of-range octal values in bytea escape literals The bytea escape format only accepts octal values from \000 to \377 (decimal 0–255). Using values like \400 or non-octal digits like \9 will trigger this error. -- BAD: \400 exceeds valid octal range (max is \377) SELECT E ' \\ 400' :: bytea ; -- ERROR: invalid escape octet -- BAD: \9 is not a valid octal digit SELECT E ' \\ 9AB' :: bytea ; -- ERROR: invalid escape octet -- GOOD: valid octal escape sequences SELECT E ' \\ 377' :: bytea ; -- decimal 255 SELECT E ' \\ 101' :: bytea ; -- 'A' character SELECT E ' \\ 000' :: bytea ; -- null byte 2. Using escape format strings with hex output format Since PostgreSQL 9.0, the default bytea_output is hex . Applications that mix hex -format output back into escape -format input processing can generate malformed escape sequences. -- Check current bytea output format SHOW bytea_output ; -- GOOD: Use hex format (recommended for all new projects) SELECT ' \x DEADBEEF' :: bytea ; SELECT ' \x 48656C6C6F' :: bytea ; -- 'Hello' -- GOOD: Use encode/decode for safe conversions SELECT encode ( ' \x DEADBEEF' :: bytea , 'hex' ); -- output as hex string SELECT encode ( ' \x DEADBEEF' :: bytea , 'base64' ); -- output as base64 SELECT decode ( 'deadbeef' , 'hex' ); -- hex string → bytea SELECT decode ( 'SGVsbG8=' , 'base64' ); -- base64 → bytea 3. Incorrect escaping during data migration or manual SQL When migrating binary data from other databases (Oracle, MySQL) or writing raw INSERT statements manually, developers often confuse octal and

Your agent nailed every test case. You shipped it. Within 48 hours, users report hallucinated outputs, silently dropped tool calls, and responses that bear zero resemblance to what worked on your machine. You reload the same prompt locally. It works perfectly. Welcome to the most predictable failure mode in AI engineering: the dev-to-prod gap. This is Crucible C01. We dissect the five failure modes that kill agents in production and give you the tools to catch them before your users do. The Idea (60 Seconds) Developers test agents in idealized conditions: deterministic inputs, warm context windows, generous API latency budgets, and sequential tool calls. Production exposes the opposite environment: cold starts strip context, rate limits compress timing, and parallel calls introduce race conditions. The agent that performed flawlessly at temperature 0 on a 2k-token context window collapses at temperature 0.7 on an 8k-token window. The five failure modes are temperature drift and context window overflow first; silent API errors and prompt drift follow; race conditions complete the set. Each one has a detection pattern and a fix, and this article delivers both plus the CLI tool to automate the detection. Why This Matters AI agent failures differ from traditional software failures in one critical way: they are stochastic. A web API either returns 200 or 500. An AI agent returns something that looks plausible 90% of the time and is catastrophically wrong 10% of the time. That 10% is invisible in manual testing and devastating in production. The economics compound fast because every failed agent interaction wastes tokens, and wasted tokens cost money. At scale, a subtly broken agent burns budget faster than a working one because it retries, loops, and rephrases instead of succeeding. A single temperature drift bug can double your API spend. Reliability is the differentiator. The market is flooding with AI wrappers. The ones that survive will be the ones that work consiste

OpenAI launches the Economic Research Exchange to study AI’s impact on jobs, productivity, and the economy. Applications are now open for selected research projects.

We've seen Axiom Space and Prada's collaboration on the Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AxEMU) spacesuit. Now the company has revealed the Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) that astronauts will wear underneath it when Artemis IV returns humans to the Moon in 2028. The LCVG is the all-important base layer that will keep the crew […]

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I haven't written articles in quite a while and I recently decided to come back to it. At work I use AI daily, so a big part of my coding tasks are delegated to agents. I try not to do the same when it comes to writing text but I don't have a clear reason for that (or maybe I do and I don't want to admit it). I am sure people can take advantage of generating text with the help of AI but at the moment I feel like prompting would not save me any time and writing the text myself would be faster. What about you? Are you using AI to write your articles? Image credit - jessica olivella, on pexels

It's 2am. A pipe just let go behind a kitchen wall and water is coming through the ceiling into the room below. The homeowner is standing in the dark in a panic, phone in hand, Googling "emergency plumber near me." They tap the first number. It rings four times and drops to voicemail. They don't leave a message. They tap the second number. You were the first number. You were asleep. And you just lost the most profitable job you'd have booked all week to whoever picked up on the second ring. This is the part of running a plumbing business that nobody puts on a P&L. The call that matters most arrives at the exact moment no human is there to answer it. And in plumbing, unlike any other trade, that's not the exception. It's the majority of the work. Plumbing's problem is different from every other trade An HVAC shop bleeds during summer rush. A roofer loses jobs to slow follow-up over a three-week sales cycle. Plumbing is its own animal, because plumbing is emergency-driven, and emergencies don't keep business hours. Industry call-tracking data tells the story. Depending on the source, anywhere from 40% to over 70% of home-service calls land outside the standard nine-to-five window, and for emergency-driven trades like plumbing it skews to the high end of that range. Either way the takeaway is the same. A huge share of your inbound isn't coming in while someone's at the desk. It's coming in at night, on a Saturday, on Thanksgiving morning when a basement is filling with sewage. If you're staffed to answer the phone nine to five, you are structurally set up to miss a large slice of your own demand. Not because you're doing anything wrong. Because the work shows up when the lights are off. And here's what makes it brutal. The after-hours emergency call isn't just any job. It's your best one. Why the missed emergency call costs more than the tech A routine daytime service call, a dripping faucet, a running toilet, runs a couple hundred dollars and the customer is happy to

A few months back I got frustrated. I needed to calculate something — nothing crazy, just a loan payment — and every site I landed on either wanted me to sign up, showed ads on every input, or was in English only (not helpful when sharing with family abroad). So I built Calculora . It's a free calculator site. 150+ tools, 13 languages, zero data collection. Everything runs in your browser — nothing gets sent anywhere. Why 13 languages? Because most people on the internet don't speak English as a first language. I wanted it to actually work for them — not just have a translated homepage, but real localized URLs, right-to-left layout for Arabic, the whole thing. Getting that right in Next.js took more time than I expected. Each tool has a different slug per language, so the routing has to map hundreds of combinations correctly. Totally worth it though. The math rendering For tools like the equation solver and statistics calculator, I wanted the formulas to look like real math — not just text. I used KaTeX for this. It's fast, lightweight, and renders LaTeX properly in the browser. The step-by-step solutions actually show the working — discriminant, roots, the full process — rendered cleanly. Some tools I'm proud of Equation Solver — linear and quadratic, with full steps shown Statistics Calculator — mean, median, mode, IQR, std dev, exportable FIRE Calculator — retirement planning done simply Debt Snowball/Avalanche — side-by-side payoff comparison What's next More tools, better mobile experience, and filling in gaps across the language versions. If you try it, I'd genuinely love feedback — especially on anything that feels off or missing. calculora.net

Launch week for a side project means the same chore every time: export the logo, open Figma, create artboards for LinkedIn (400×400 and 4200×700 cover), Google Business Profile (1200×1200 JPEG with a minimum file size or Google rejects it), YouTube (2560×1440 with a safe zone nobody remembers), Open Graph (1200×630), Instagram (circle crop), Discord, TikTok… Design tools are great at making brand assets. They are slow at batch-exporting exact platform specs — especially when encoding rules differ (PNG vs JPEG, max KB, min KB for GBP, center-right vs YouTube-safe positioning). So we built a small free tool: one SVG or PNG in → 21 platform files out. What it actually does Upload a logo. Pick categories (or take everything): 8 profile icons — mark-only, padded for circular crops (LinkedIn, X, GBP, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Discord) 2 profile lockups — logo + wordmark for LinkedIn company and GBP 7 banners/covers — including LinkedIn 4200×700, YouTube safe-area channel art, Facebook cover under 100 KB target, Open Graph 1200×630 4 post sizes — Instagram square/portrait/story, Pinterest pin Outputs are PNG or JPEG per platform rules. White background. ZIP download. Why not Canva? Canva is excellent for templates and marketing creatives. For “I already have a logo, give me every official size,” you duplicate frames and export manually — often behind a paid tier for brand kits and bulk workflows. This tool does one job, free, no account: 👉 https://varnox.io/tools Longer write-up with platform gotchas (GBP min JPEG size, YouTube safe area, etc.): 👉 https://varnox.io/blog/free-social-media-logo-size-generator Privacy (because it’s your logo) SVG uploads sanitized before render Generated files expire after 30 minutes — nothing permanent stored No signup We use the same catalog internally when onboarding clients onto GBP + LinkedIn + OG tags. Shipping it publicly was easier than answering “what size is our Facebook cover again?” for the fifth time. Stack note (for