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Networking certifications like CompTIA Network+ and Cisco's CCNA are career-defining credentials. They validate your understanding of networking fundamentals — and both exams test OSI Model knowledge extensively. In fact, the OSI Model is arguably the single most tested conceptual framework in entry-level and intermediate networking certifications. Why OSI Is So Critical for Certification Exams Exam questions on OSI take many forms: "At which layer of the OSI model does a router operate?" (Layer 3) "What PDU is used at the Transport Layer?" (Segment) "Which protocol operates at the Application Layer?" (HTTP, DNS, SMTP...) "A user cannot connect to a website. Troubleshooting should begin at which OSI layer?" (Layer 1, then up) "Which device operates at Layer 2?" (Switch) "What is the function of the Presentation Layer?" (Translation, encryption, compression) These questions seem straightforward on paper but are notoriously confusing under exam pressure without deep conceptual understanding. How the OSI Simulator Accelerates Your Studies Visual Memory Formation Research in cognitive science consistently shows that visual and kinesthetic learning creates stronger memories than text-only reading. When you watch the OSI Simulator animate your message through all seven layers, you're forming episodic memories — vivid, experience-based memories that are far more durable than rote memorization. Protocol-to-Layer Association One of the most commonly missed exam categories is protocol-to-layer mapping. The OSI Simulator makes this automatic: when you select HTTP, the Application Layer is highlighted. When you watch TCP headers form, you associate TCP with Layer 4 viscerally, not just verbally. PDU Name Mastery Data, Segment, Packet, Frame, Bits — the five PDU names are shown explicitly at each layer in the simulator. After running 10 simulations, these names become second nature. No flashcard can match this experiential learning. Troubleshooting Framework Practice Network+ an

Getting started with the OSI Model Simulator takes less than 60 seconds. The interface is thoughtfully designed to be intuitive for beginners while offering enough depth to satisfy advanced learners. Here's your complete step-by-step guide. Step 1: Open the Simulator Navigate to app.osi-model-simulator.roboticela.com in any modern web browser. No account required, no download necessary, and no cost. The app loads instantly and is ready to use immediately. Alternatively, visit the landing page to learn more about features and download the desktop app for offline use. Step 2: Enter Your Message In the message input field, type any text you like. This is the "data" your simulation will encapsulate. Examples: Hello, World! GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 {"user": "alice", "action": "login"} Your own name or a phrase you'll remember Using a personally meaningful message makes the encapsulation feel real rather than abstract. Step 3: Choose Your Protocol Select from five real protocols: HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, DNS, or FTP. Each choice changes the Application Layer headers added to your data. For beginners, start with HTTP. Then re-run with HTTPS to see the Presentation Layer encryption difference. Step 4: Choose Your Transmission Medium Select your Physical Layer medium: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Fiber Optic, Coaxial, or Radio. This affects how the Physical Layer is visualized at the end of the simulation. Step 5 (Optional): Set Custom IP Addresses For a more realistic Network Layer demonstration, enter a source IP address (simulating your device) and a destination IP address (simulating the server). This makes the Layer 3 packet header concrete and personally relevant. Step 6: Run the Simulati on Click the Run or Start button. Watch as your message travels through all seven layers: Application Layer adds protocol headers Presentation Layer adds encryption (if HTTPS) Session Layer adds session management Transport Layer segments and adds TCP/UDP header Network Layer wraps in IP packet Data Li

The Physical Layer's choice of transmission medium profoundly affects the performance, cost, security, and reliability of a network. The OSI Model Simulator supports all five major media types — making it a powerful tool for understanding how physical choices ripple up through all seven OSI layers. Medium Speed Max Distance Security Cost Ethernet Up to 10 Gbps+ 100m (Cat6a) High (physical access) Low Wi-Fi Up to ~9.6 Gbps (Wi-Fi 6) ~100m indoor Medium (WPA3) Low Fiber Optic Terabits/s 100s of km Very High High Coaxial Up to 1 Gbps 500m (RG-8) Medium Medium Radio Variable (5G: Gbps) km to global (satellite) Low–Medium Variable Ethernet: The Reliable Standard Ethernet is the dominant wired networking standard in homes, offices, and data centers. Using twisted-pair copper cables (Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a), it provides reliable, high-speed connectivity with predictable latency. The IEEE 802.3 standard governs Ethernet, and modern variants include 1GbE, 10GbE, 25GbE, 40GbE, and 100GbE. Wi-Fi: Wireless Freedom Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) eliminated the need for physical cables in most consumer settings. Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) and Wi-Fi 6E deliver impressive speeds, but shared medium access, interference, and radio propagation challenges mean it will never fully replace wired Ethernet for critical applications. Fiber Optic: The Internet's Backbone Fiber optic cables carry data as pulses of light through glass or plastic strands. They're immune to electromagnetic interference, support enormous bandwidth, and can span continents — literally. Every major internet exchange, submarine cable, and data center interconnect uses fiber. Coaxial Cable: The Cable TV Legacy Coaxial cable — familiar from cable TV connections — consists of a central conductor surrounded by insulating layers and a braided metal shield. DOCSIS-based cable internet connections (common from ISPs like Comcast) use coaxial as the last-mile medium. Radio: Wireless at Scale From the cellular 5G network in your pocket to satellite

I run a transparent OPNsense bridge between a UniFi Dream Machine Pro and the rest of my LAN. It is deliberately boring at Layer 3: the UDM keeps routing, DHCP, DNS, firewall policy, WAN handling, and VLAN definitions. OPNsense sits inline as a Layer 2 bump in the wire. The interesting part is that both sides of that bump use LACP . I already wrote the build/configuration guide for this setup here: Building a Transparent LAGG (LACP) Bridge with OPNsense, UDM, and UniFi - A Practical Guide . That article explains how the bridge was built, how the LAGG devices were configured, and why I wanted the firewall to remain transparent. This article is the other half of the story: what happens when that kind of setup fails in a non-obvious way. Not a clean outage. Not a single "the network is down" moment. Just enough instability to make everything feel wrong. 1. Topology and Failure Surface The topology looked like this: +----------------------+ | UniFi Dream Machine | | kantharos-udm-pro | +----------+-----------+ | LACP aggregate, 2 x 1G | OPNsense lagg0 "ingresslagg" igc1 + igc2, LACP | +----------v-----------+ | OPNsense bridge0 | | "laggbridge" | +----------+-----------+ | OPNsense lagg1 "egresslagg" igc4 + igc5, LACP | LACP aggregate, 2 x 1G | +----------v-----------+ | UniFi USW-Lite-16 | | downstream LAN | +----------------------+ On OPNsense, the relevant interfaces were: igc1 + igc2 -> lagg0 -> ingresslagg -> toward UDM igc4 + igc5 -> lagg1 -> egresslagg -> toward USW lagg0 + lagg1 -> bridge0 -> laggbridge The bridge is a FreeBSD bridge. The aggregates are FreeBSD lagg(4) interfaces using LACP. OPNsense exposes those through its Interfaces > Devices UI. The expected healthy OPNsense state is: laggproto lacp status: active laggport: igcX flags=<ACTIVE,COLLECTING,DISTRIBUTING> laggport: igcY flags=<ACTIVE,COLLECTING,DISTRIBUTING> Those three member states matter: ACTIVE : the member is participating in the LACP bundle. COLLECTING : the member may receive traffic. DIS

We live in an era where scientific breakthroughs are published faster than we can read them. For the biohacking community, the gap between a new PubMed study on NAD+ precursors and actually knowing what dose to take is a chasm of manual research. What if you could build an LLM Agent that monitors research papers, processes them through a RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) pipeline, and maps findings to your specific health profile? In this tutorial, we are building Paper-to-Action , a state-of-the-art agentic workflow using LangGraph , ChromaDB , and Mistral-7B . This isn't just a simple bot; it's a multi-stage reasoning engine designed to turn raw academic data into actionable health interventions. If you've been looking to master AI agents and personalized medicine automation, you’re in the right place. 🚀 The Architecture: From Raw Paper to Personalized Habit Traditional RAG pipelines are linear. To handle the nuance of medical research, we need a "looping" logic. We use LangGraph to manage the state of our agent, allowing it to decide if a paper is relevant before attempting to extract a protocol. System Flow graph TD A[Start: Keyword Trigger] --> B[Search PubMed/Arxiv API] B --> C{Relevance Filter} C -- No --> B C -- Yes --> D[Store in ChromaDB] D --> E[RAG: Extract Intervention Protocol] E --> F[Cross-Reference with User Profile] F --> G[Generate Personalized Action Plan] G --> H[End: Push to Health Checklist] Prerequisites To follow this advanced guide, you'll need: LangGraph : For the agentic state machine. ChromaDB : As our high-performance vector store. Mistral-7B : Running via Ollama or vLLM for local, private inference. Python 3.10+ Step 1: Defining the Agent State In LangGraph, everything revolves around the State . We need to track the fetched papers, the extracted data, and the final recommendation. from typing import Annotated , List , TypedDict from langgraph.graph import StateGraph , END class AgentState ( TypedDict ): keywords : List [ str ] user

Seller of the Sound Blaster Katana V2X doesn't consider the behavior a vulnerability.

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Qisquiz: A Qiskit v2.X Certification Prep App I built Qisquiz , a web app for learning Qiskit v2.X and preparing for the IBM Certified Quantum Computation using Qiskit v2.X Developer - Associate certification exam. You can try the app here: https://qisquiz.vercel.app/ The GitHub repository is here: https://github.com/dorakingx/qisquiz The concept of Qisquiz is simple: Master Qiskit, one quiz at a time. In other words, Qisquiz is a quiz-based certification prep app that helps learners study Qiskit one question at a time. The target exam is: Exam C1000-179: Fundamentals of Quantum Computing Using Qiskit v2.X Developer Why I Built Qisquiz Qiskit is one of the most important development tools for learning and building quantum computing applications. It is useful for creating quantum circuits, running simulations, using IBM Quantum hardware, and experimenting with quantum algorithms. However, Qiskit v2.X includes several APIs and concepts that learners need to understand carefully. For example, certification prep requires knowledge of topics such as: Qiskit Runtime SamplerV2 EstimatorV2 PUBs, or Primitive Unified Blocs BackendV2 backend.target Transpilation ISA circuits Dynamic circuits OpenQASM 3 Result object handling Little-endian and big-endian interpretation These topics can be learned by reading documentation, but I felt that active practice through quizzes is especially useful for exam preparation. That is why I built Qisquiz , a quiz-based learning app focused on Qiskit v2.X. What Is Qisquiz? Qisquiz is an independent quiz-based learning app for Qiskit v2.X. The current version is organized around the 8 sections of the IBM Qiskit v2.X Developer certification exam. The current question bank includes: 120 original questions 44 code-based questions 40 hard questions 8 sections 15 questions per section Qisquiz is not an official IBM or Qiskit product. It is an independent learning tool that I built to help myself and other learners prepare more effectively. Covered E

İlk yazıda Event Driven Architecture’ın temel kavramlarını, Kafka üzerinde topic/channel tasarımını, event-command ayrımını, schema contract’ları ve producer-consumer ilişkisini ele aldık. Bu yazıda odağı bir adım ileri taşıyıp event’in platform içindeki yaşam döngüsüne bakacağız. Çünkü EDA tasarımında asıl zorluk yalnızca event üretmek değildir. Asıl mesele, üretilen event’in güvenilir, izlenebilir, tekrar işlenebilir, zenginleştirilebilir ve farklı tüketiciler tarafından kullanılabilir hale gelmesidir. Bu yazıda şu sorulara odaklanacağız: Ham event platforma geldiğinde ne olur? Event nasıl doğrulanır, zenginleştirilir ve tüketilebilir hale gelir? Raw, validated, enriched ve curated topic’ler nasıl konumlandırılmalıdır? Bu yapı modern lakehouse mimarilerindeki Medallion yaklaşımıyla nasıl ilişkilendirilebilir? DLQ ve alert topic’leri ne zaman devreye girer? Replay, idempotency, monitoring, security ve governance nasıl düşünülmelidir? Event Pipeline Nedir? EDA mimarilerinde özellikle data platform projelerinde event’ler genellikle bir yaşam döngüsünden geçer. Bu yaşam döngüsü şöyle modellenebilir: raw -> validated -> enriched -> curated | | v v dlq alert Bu yapı, veri akışının aşama aşama olgunlaşmasını sağlar. Raw topic kaynaktan gelen ham event’i taşır. Validated topic schema ve temel kalite kontrollerinden geçmiş event’leri içerir. Enriched topic event’in referans veriler veya başka veri kaynaklarıyla zenginleştirilmiş halidir. Curated topic ise tüketiciler için güvenilir, normalize edilmiş ve iş anlamı netleşmiş event’leri temsil eder. Event Pipeline ve Medallion Architecture İlişkisi Bu yapı, modern lakehouse mimarilerinde sık kullanılan Medallion yaklaşımıyla doğal bir benzerlik taşır. Lakehouse tarafında Bronze katmanı ham veriyi, Silver katmanı temizlenmiş ve zenginleştirilmiş veriyi, Gold katmanı ise iş tüketimine hazır veri ürünlerini temsil eder. Kafka üzerindeki raw, validated, enriched ve curated topic’leri de benzer bir olgunlaşma mantığını akan veri ü

Anthropic published a thoughtful guide to making skills. It is worth reading, but it's a map of work you should not have to do. The Claude Code team wrote a piece on how they use agent skills . If you make skills, read it. It is honest and tells you something important: making a good skill is real work. Here's what the guide covers. It sorts skills into nine categories. It explains progressive disclosure, where the agent knows which files to load and when. It covers scripts, config files, combining skills together, and writing the description so the model reaches for the skill at the right moment. All of that is true and useful. It is also a lot to learn. And most of it exists only because you are doing the work by hand. We're SkillsCake . We make and score agent skills all day. So we read this guide a little differently than someone meeting skills for the first time. Here's what we think. Skills are infinite The guide splits skills into types: library reference, verification, and so on. That is a helpful way to teach a class. It is not what a skill actually is. A skill is prose that tells an agent how to do one thing, sometimes with scripts attached. The set of possible skills is not nine boxes. It is every job you could describe in writing; it's infinite. Categories are how a person gets a handle on something that open-ended. They are scaffolding for learning, not the shape of the thing. This matters because the moment you think in categories, you start bending your skill to look like the example in its bucket. Your real job rarely fits the bucket. The best engineered skill is the one written for your exact task, by an expert. Doing it yourself might not be worth it Progressive disclosure, scripts, config, descriptions tuned for the model, gotchas earned by failing, and eval loops: none of that is busywork. It's how a good skill gets built by hand. The guide is not overcomplicating anything. It is being honest about what the manual path costs. But that is the poin

Hackers are convincing Meta’s AI support chatbot to let them take over other peoples’ accounts: A video posted on X showed the step-by-step process to hack someone’s Instagram account. The hacker allegedly used a VPN to spoof the targets’ presumed location to avoid triggering Instagram’s automated account protections. Then, the hacker opened a chat with Meta AI Support Assistant and asked the bot to add a new email address to the target’s account. The chatbot can be seen sending a verification code to the email address provided by the hacker; the hacker then shares the verification code with the chatbot, which prompts the chatbot to show a button to “Reset Password.” The hacker enters a new password and takes over the victim’s account...

Last week, Toronto hosted Tech Week. A city-wide celebration filled with events and workshops...

Google has shared details of its fleet wide large scale A/B experimentation system designed to standardize experiment assignment, exposure logging, and configuration propagation across distributed services. The approach enables consistent measurement across products, reduces experiment conflicts, and improves reliability of data driven decision making at scale. By Leela Kumili

Plex has come a long way from being just a personal media server. Over the past few years, it has transformed into a streaming hub, today featuring ad-supported content and movie rental options. Now, the company is setting its sights on competing with social networking platforms like Reddit and Letterboxd: on Wednesday, Plex unveiled several […]

Microsoft launched seven new in-house AI models at Build 2026 on June 2, 2026, marking the company's most significant push yet to build its own frontier AI stack independent of OpenAI. The centerpiece is MAI-Thinking-1, Microsoft's first large-scale reasoning model, built from scratch on clean commercially licensed data using a sparse Mixture of Experts architecture. Alongside it: MAI-Code-1-Flash, a 5-billion-parameter coding model that outperforms Claude Haiku 4.5 by 16 percentage points on SWE-Bench Pro while using 60% fewer tokens on complex tasks. This is the complete developer guide to all seven MAI models, their specs, benchmarks, deployment paths, and what they mean for the AI development ecosystem. Why Seven Models at Once? The strategic context matters. For three years, Microsoft's AI product surface — GitHub Copilot, Azure AI, Bing Chat, Microsoft 365 Copilot — ran almost entirely on OpenAI models. The Build 2026 announcement is Microsoft's public declaration that it is building a parallel, proprietary model stack. Every new MAI model is trained from scratch using "clean and appropriately licensed data, without distillation from third-party models" — language that directly addresses the intellectual property concerns that have accompanied third-party model licensing. The distribution strategy is equally deliberate. Microsoft is not routing MAI models exclusively through Azure. MAI-Thinking-1 and MAI-Code-1-Flash are available via Fireworks AI, Baseten, and OpenRouter — three infrastructure providers that collectively reach developers who explicitly do not want cloud vendor lock-in. This signals a platform-first posture: Microsoft wants MAI to become a model ecosystem, not just an Azure feature. MAI-Thinking-1: The Reasoning Flagship MAI-Thinking-1 is Microsoft's answer to Claude Opus 4.x and GPT-5.5 on the reasoning side of the model spectrum. The architecture is a 35-billion-parameter active / approximately 1-trillion-parameter total sparse Mixture of Ex

Keeping up with trending technical topics and new tools on developer forums can be time-consuming. To save time, I wanted to automate the process of finding popular articles, reading the comments to understand community sentiment, and drafting a summary. While I could write a standard Python script to scrape the dev.to API, simple scripts tend to be brittle. If an article doesn't have comments yet, a basic script will likely crash unless you write extensive error-handling logic. Instead of a rigid script, I built an Agent —a program that can dynamically reason about errors and adjust its approach. If one task fails, it can figure out the next best step. In this tutorial, I'll show you how to build a Trend-Spotting Agent using Python, the Google Agent Development Kit (ADK) , and Gemini 2.5 Flash. What We're Building We are going to write a Python application that acts as an autonomous agent. We'll give it three abilities: Search the dev.to API for rising technical articles based on specific tags. Dynamically fetch the top comments of those articles to read real community sentiment. Automatically draft a newsletter-style article on your DEV.to account summarizing its findings. Prerequisites Python 3.9+ installed on your machine. Google ADK . (Check out the Google ADK Docs if you need help installing). A DEV API Key . Grab this from your DEV.to account settings under "Extensions" and throw it in a .env file. Step 1: Giving the Agent its "Hands" (API Tools) Large Language Models (LLMs) are incredibly smart, but out of the box, they can't actually do anything on your computer. The coolest part about Google ADK is that we can write standard Python functions, hand them to the LLM as "tools", and let the AI decide how and when to use them. Let's write our API functions. Tool 1: Finding Rising Articles Here is our function to fetch rising articles. Pay close attention to the docstring ( """Fetches the top...""" ). We aren't writing this for other developers; the ADK actually

Most people use these technologies every day. Almost nobody knows they exist. Every time you open YouTube, browse Instagram, join a Zoom meeting, or play an online game, your router is quietly performing a series of networking tricks behind the scenes. Those tricks have names: NAT SNAT DNAT PAT Port Forwarding They sound intimidating. They're actually much simpler than they appear. Let's break them down using something familiar: your home Wi-Fi. The Problem the Internet Had to Solve Imagine a family of five living in one house. Everyone owns a device: Laptop Phone Smart TV Gaming Console Tablet Each device needs internet access. The problem? Your Internet Service Provider usually gives you only one public IP address . Something has to manage all those devices sharing a single internet connection. That's where NAT comes in. NAT: The Receptionist of Your Network NAT stands for Network Address Translation . Think of NAT as a receptionist in an office building. People inside the building have room numbers: Laptop = Room 101 Phone = Room 102 TV = Room 103 But when communicating with the outside world, everyone uses the building's main address. The receptionist keeps track of who sent what. Your router does exactly the same thing. What Happens When You Visit Google? Inside your home: Laptop 192.168.1.10 Your router: Public IP 49.x.x.x When you open Google: 192.168.1.10 ↓ Router ↓ 49.x.x.x ↓ Google Google never sees your private IP. It only sees your router's public IP. That's NAT in action. SNAT: Changing the Sender's Address SNAT stands for Source Network Address Translation . The keyword is: Source It changes the sender's address. Before leaving your network: Source: 192.168.1.10 After SNAT: Source: 49.x.x.x The router replaces your private IP with its public IP. Without SNAT, websites wouldn't know how to send responses back to you. Real-Life Example Imagine mailing a letter. Instead of writing your bedroom number as the return address, you write the house address. Tha

Hackers stole usernames, hashed passwords, and other data from a service that allowed players to cheat in Grand Theft Auto V.

One of the biggest myths in the software industry is that great engineering teams are built by hiring great engineers. They aren't. I've worked with incredibly talented developers who eventually became disengaged, indifferent, and unwilling to contribute beyond the bare minimum. I've also worked with average developers who grew into exceptional engineers because they were surrounded by a culture that rewarded curiosity, ownership, and continuous improvement. The difference was never talent. The difference was culture. The Toxicity Nobody Talks About When people hear the term toxic workplace , they usually imagine shouting managers, impossible deadlines, public humiliation, and constant pressure. Those environments certainly exist. But some of the most damaging engineering cultures are far more subtle. On the surface, everything appears professional. Meetings are calm. Nobody raises their voice. Everyone speaks politely. The company presents itself as collaborative and mature. Yet beneath that polished exterior exists a culture that quietly destroys accountability and discourages anyone from caring too much. A Simple Pull Request That Revealed a Bigger Problem Recently, while reviewing a pull request, I asked a few straightforward questions: Why are we passing an empty string to a component that doesn't function without an ID? Why is a skeleton component living in a file where it doesn't logically belong? Could this conditional statement be simplified for readability? These weren't major architectural concerns. They weren't requests to redesign the application. They were ordinary engineering discussions—the kind that happen every day inside healthy teams. When Ownership Disappears What happened next was far more interesting than the code itself. Instead of discussing whether the observations were valid, the conversation immediately shifted toward ownership. Who originally wrote the code? Who moved the code? Who was responsible for introducing it? The discussion was n

1. Why I use Kiro I've been using Kiro for almost 1 year now, I'm using it as a Cloud Architect and also to build side projects for fun. The main reason I use Kiro over other tools is how it works with you as an engineer. Over the months, I've noticed certain patterns in how I use Kiro. Let's go over them: Index 1. Why I use Kiro 2. Pair Programming with Kiro 3. Repeatable workflows as Skills 4. Using Plan, Specs and Agents 5. Council of agents 6. Documentation, Documentation, Documentation Final thoughts 2. Pair Programming with Kiro The most common way that I use Kiro is in Pair Programming. Pair Programming is when there are 2 developers working together on the same task, they can work in tandem or one of them can be the one guiding/planning while the other one does the code. In my case, with Kiro, I'm the one doing the guiding and planning while Kiro is the one executing and implementing the code. I'm also using Kiro as my rubber duck. If I have a new idea or I'm working on a blocking bug, I talk to Kiro so it can give me a different point of view, investigate and steer me into good practices. The main reason for me to do it this way is because once the session is over, I can run a prompt/skill to record everything from the session: Kiro, summarize this session and save it into a .memory folder with the format yyyymmdd and as a markdown So then everything that we've done is going to be recorded there. Do you remember everything that you've done yesterday? Maybe. But what about last week? And what about one month ago? I definitely don't remember it. In the classic Software Development Life Cycle, we have tickets, and we have a way that we can recall all this information, but the more detailed context of why you did it is going to be completely missed. Now, with tools like Kiro, this is possible to remember. You just have a .memory folder where you summarize all your sessions. So in the future, we could have a situation like this: Oh, I don't remember what changes